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| The Holy Prophet Muhammad | |
|---|---|
| مُحَمَّد | |
| “Muhammad, the Messenger of God.” inscribed on the gates of the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina | |
| Personal | |
| Born | c. 53 BH (570 CE)[1] Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia |
| Died | 8 June 632 (aged 61–62) Medina, Hejaz, Arabia |
| Resting place | Green Dome at al-Masjid an-Nabawi, Medina, Arabia 24°28′03″N 39°36′41″E |
| Spouse | See Muhammad’s wives |
| Children | See Muhammad’s children |
| Parents | Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib (father) Amina bint Wahb (mother) |
| Known for | Founding Islam |
| Other names | Abu al-Qasim (nickname)Rasūl Allāh (Messenger of God)(see Names and titles of Muhammad) |
| Relatives | Family tree of Muhammad, Ahl al-Bayt (“Family of the House”) |
| Signature | Seal of Muhammad |
| Arabic name | |
| Personal (Ism) | Muhammad |
| Patronymic (Nasab) | Muḥammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ibn Abd Manaf ibn Qusai ibn Kilab |
| Teknonymic (Kunya) | Abu al-Qasim |
| Epithet (Laqab) | Khātam an-Nâbîyīn (Seal of the prophets) |
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Muhammad ibn Abdullah[n 1] (Arabic: مُحَمَّد ٱبن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه, romanized: Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh, Classical Arabic pronunciation: [muˈħammad]; c. 570 – 8 June 632 CE)[1][2] was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of the world religion of Islam.[3] According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet, divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets.[3][4][5][6] He is believed to be the final prophet of God in all the main branches of Islam, though the modern Ahmadiyya movement diverges from this belief.[n 2] Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity, with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis of Islamic religious belief.
Muhammad was born approximately 570 CE in Mecca.[1] He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father Abdullah was the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, and he died a few months before Muhammad’s birth. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan.[7] He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib.[8] In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave[1][9] and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613,[10] Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly,[11] proclaiming that “God is One“, that complete “submission” (islām) to God[12] is the right way of life (dīn),[13] and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.[14][15][16]
Muhammad’s followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.[17][18]
The revelations (each known as Ayah – literally, “Sign [of God]”) that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim “Word of God” on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad’s teachings and practices (sunnah), found in the Hadith and sira (biography) literature, are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law (see Sharia).
Quranic names and appellations
Main article: Names and titles of Muhammad“Muhammad” written in Thuluth, a script variety of Islamic calligraphy
The name Muhammad (/mʊˈhæməd, -ˈhɑːməd/)[19] means “praiseworthy” and appears four times in the Quran.[20] The Quran also addresses Muhammad in the second person by various appellations; prophet, messenger, servant of God (‘abd), announcer (bashir),[Quran 2:119] witness (shahid),[Quran 33:45] bearer of good tidings (mubashshir), warner (nathir),[Quran 11:2] reminder (mudhakkir),[Quran 88:21] one who calls [unto God] (dā’ī),[Quran 12:108] light personified (noor),[Quran 05:15] and the light-giving lamp (siraj munir).[Quran 33:46]
Sources of biographical information
Main articles: Historiography of early Islam and Historicity of Muhammad