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Joseph Smith (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) was an American religious leader and the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement whose current followers include members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Community of Christ, and other Latter Day Saint denominations. The early life of Joseph Smith covers his life from his birth to the end of 1827.

Smith was born in Sharon, Vermont, the fifth of eleven children born to Joseph and Lucy Mack Smith. By 1817, Smith’s family had moved to the “burned-over district” of western New York, an area repeatedly swept by religious revivals during the Second Great Awakening. Smith family members held divergent views about organized religion, believed in visions and prophecies, and engaged in certain folk religious practices typical of the era. Smith briefly investigated Methodism, but he was generally disillusioned with the churches of his day.

Around 1820 Smith is said to have experienced a theophany, now known as his First Vision among adherents. Around this time he, along with other male members of his family, was hired to assist in searching for buried treasure. In 1823, Smith said an angel directed him to a nearby hill where he said was buried a book of golden plates containing a Christian history of ancient American civilizations. According to Smith, the angel prevented him from taking the plates in 1823, telling him to come back in exactly a year. Smith made annual visits to the hill over the next three years, reporting to his family that he had not yet been allowed to take the plates.

Meanwhile, during one of Smith’s treasure hunting expeditions, he met and fell in love with Emma Smith from Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, whom he married in 1827. Returning with Emma to the hill in 1827, Smith said the angel allowed him to take the plates but forbade him from showing them to anyone except those to whom the angel directed. As news of the plates spread, Smith’s former treasure hunting associates sought to share in the proceeds, ransacking places they thought the plates were hidden. Intending to translate the plates himself, Smith moved to Harmony Township to live with his in-laws.

Childhood

Smith was born in Sharon, Vermont, the fifth of eleven children born to Joseph Smith Sr. and Lucy Mack Smith. Through modern DNA testing of Smith’s relatives, it’s likely that the Smith family were of Irish descent originally. Smith carried the Y-DNA marker R-M222, a subclade of Haplogroup R1b found almost entirely in people of Northwestern Irish descent today.^[1][2]

The Smiths were a middling farm family, but suffered a fateful loss when Smith Sr., after speculating in ginseng and being cheated by a business associate, was financially ruined. After he sold the family farm to pay his debts, the Smiths “crossed the boundary dividing independent ownership from tenancy and day labor.” In the next fourteen years, the Smiths moved seven times.^[3]

Despite the moves and the financial woes, Lucy Smith remembered the period of Joseph Smith’s early childhood as “perfectly comfortable both for food and raiment as well as that which is necessary to a respectable appearance in society.”^[4] Then during the winter of 1812–1813, typhoid fever struck along the Connecticut Valley, including the area around Lebanon, New Hampshire, where the Smiths had recently moved. A number of family members fell ill, and Joseph experienced a common complication whereby typhoid bacteria infected bone, in Smith’s case, the shin bone. Lucy later claimed that she had refused to permit her son’s leg to be amputated; in fact, the Smiths had chanced on one of New England’s most respected physicians, Nathan Smith, who “probably alone in American medicine at this time” advocated removal of the dead portion of the bone rather than amputation of the leg. After the typically horrific early nineteenth-century surgery without either anesthetic or antiseptic, Smith eventually recovered, though he used crutches for several years and had a slight limp for the remainder of his life.^[5][6]

George Edward Anderson’s photograph of the Smith Family Farm in Manchester, New York, c. 1907. (LDS Archives)

In 1814 the Smiths moved back across the Connecticut River to Norwich, Vermont, where they suffered three seasons of crop failures, the last the result of the Year Without a Summer.^[7] The extended Smith clan had already moved west to New York, and in 1817, Joseph Smith Sr. traveled alone to Palmyra, New York, followed shortly by the rest of his family—although not before Lucy Smith was forced to settle with some last-minute creditors.^[8] In Palmyra village, Smith Sr. and his oldest sons hired themselves out as common laborers, ran a “cake and beer shop,” and peddled refreshments from a cart; Lucy painted cloth coverings for tables and stands.^[9] When Smith was fourteen, he was apparently shot at while returning home from an errand, but was not injured. The bullet missed him, hitting a cow instead, and the perpetrator was not found.^[10] In 1820, the family contracted to pay for a 100-acre (40 ha) farm just outside Palmyra in Manchester Township.^[11] The Smith family first built a log home,^[12] then in 1822, under the supervision of Joseph Smith’s oldest brother Alvin, they began building a larger frame house.^[13] Alvin died in November 1823, possibly as a result of being given calomel for “bilious fever“, and the house remained uncompleted for a year.^[14] By this time Joseph Smith Sr. may have partially abdicated family leadership to Alvin,^[15] and in 1825, the Smiths were unable to make their mortgage payments. When their creditor foreclosed, the family persuaded a local Quaker, Lemuel Durfee, to buy the farm and rent it to them. Nevertheless, in 1829, the Smiths and five of their children moved back into the log house, with Hyrum Smith and his wife.^[16]

Joseph Smith had little formal schooling, but may have attended school briefly in Palmyra and received instruction in his home.^[17] Young Joseph worked on his family farm and perhaps took an occasional odd job or worked for nearby farmers.^[18] His mother described him as “much less inclined to the perusal of books than any of the rest of the children, but far more given to meditation and deep study.” Lucy Smith also noted that though he never read through the Bible until he was at least eighteen, he was imaginative and could regale the family with “the most amusing recitals” of the life and religion of ancient Native Americans “with as much ease, seemingly, as if he had spent his whole life with them.”^[19] Smith was variously described as “remarkably quiet,”^[20] “taciturn,” “proverbially good-natured,” and “never known to laugh.”^[21] One acquaintance said Smith had “a jovial, easy, don’t-care way about him,” and he had an aptitude for debating moral and political issues in a local junior debating club.^[22] Biographer Fawn Brodie wrote, “He was a gregarious, cheerful, imaginative youth, born to leadership, but hampered by meager education and grinding poverty.”^[23]

Religious background

See also: Cunning Folk Traditions and the Latter Day Saint Movement

Smith grew to maturity during the Second Great Awakening, a period of religious excitement in the United States. New York west of the Catskill and Adirondack Mountains became known as the “Burned-over district” because it was “repeatedly singed by the fires of revival that swept through the region in the early years of the nineteenth century.”^[24] Major multi-denominational religious revivals occurred in the Palmyra area in both 1816-17 (when the Smiths were in the process of migrating from Vermont) and in 1824-25.^[25] Small denominational revivals and camp meetings occurred during the intervals.^[26][27][28]

An engraving of a Methodistcamp meeting in 1819 (Library of Congress)

Joseph Smith’s ancestors had an eclectic variety of religious views and affiliations.^[29] For instance, Joseph Smith’s paternal grandfather, Asael, was a Universalist who opposed evangelical religion. According to Lucy Smith, Asael once came to Joseph Smith Sr.’s door after he had attended a Methodist meeting with Lucy and “threw Tom Paine’s Age of Reason into the the [sic?] house and angrily bade him read that until he believed it.”^[30] Conversely, in 1811 Smith’s maternal grandfather, Solomon Mack, self-published a book describing a series of heavenly visions and voices he said had led to his conversion to Christianity at the age of seventy-six.^[31]

Smith’s parents also experienced visions. Before Joseph was born, his mother Lucy, prayed in a grove about her husband’s refusal to attend church and later said she had had a dream-vision, which she interpreted as a prophecy that Joseph Sr. would later accept the “pure and undefiled Gospel of the Son of God.”^[32] According to Lucy, Joseph Smith Sr. also had seven visions between 1811 and 1819, coming at a time when he was “much excited upon the subject of religion.” These visions confirmed in his mind the correctness of his refusal to join any organized church and led him to believe that he would be directed in the proper path toward salvation.^[33] Lucy’s account, recorded thirty years after the period in which the visions are said to have occurred, suggests “a tendency to make her husband the predecessor of her son” by echoing passages in the Book of Mormon.^[34]

Like perhaps thousands of contemporary Americans,^[35] the Smith family practiced various forms of folk magic such as using divining rods and seer stones to search for buried treasure. Four witnesses reported that the Smiths used divining rods in the Palmyra area, and sometime between Joseph Smith’s eleventh and thirteenth years, he began “following his father’s example in using a divining rod.”^[36] Magical parchments handed down in the Hyrum Smith family may have belonged to Joseph Sr.^[37] Lucy Mack Smith noted in her memoirs that while family members were “trying to win the faculty of Abrac, drawing magic circles or sooth saying,” they did not neglect manual labor, “but whilst we worked with our hands we endeavored to remember the service of & the welfare of our souls.”^[38] Smith’s reputation among his Palmyra neighbors was that of a “nondescript farm boy” who was “lazy and superstitious,” and townspeople viewed his family as “treasure-seekers, not eager Christians.”^[39] Thus, Smith was reared in a family that believed in prophecy and visions, was skeptical of organized religion, and was interested in both folk magic and new religious ideas.^[40]

Smith said he had become concerned about religion “at about the age of twelve years,” although later he seems to have wondered whether “a Supreme being did exist.”^[41] Smith apparently attended the Presbyterian Sunday school as a child,^[42] and later as an adolescent, he displayed interest in Methodism.^[43] One of Smith’s acquaintances said that Smith had caught “a spark of Methodism” at camp meetings “away down in the woods, on the Vienna road.”^[44] He even reportedly spoke during some of these meetings, and the acquaintance described Smith as a “very passable exhorter.”^[45]

Nevertheless, at some point after 1822,^[46] Smith withdrew from organized religion.^[47] According to his mother, Smith claimed, “I can take my Bible, and go into the woods, and learn more in two hours, than you can learn at meeting in two years, if you should go all the time.”^[48] Still, Smith seems to have been significantly influenced by the interdenominational revival of 1824-25.^[49]

First Vision

Main article: First Vision

Like his father, the younger Smith reportedly had his own set of visions, the first of which occurred in the early 1820s when Smith was in his early teens and is called by Latter Day Saints the First Vision.^[50] The first description of this event was not published until 1832,^[51] which said the event occurred in 1821;^[52] however, most accounts date the event to the year 1820.^[53] The First Vision was a theophany (a personal and direct communication from God). The details of the theophany have varied as the story was retold throughout Smith’s life.^[54]

According to accounts by Joseph and his brother, William, the First Vision was prompted in part by a reading of James 1:5, which in the King James Version reads, “If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, who giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not, and it shall be given him”; William suggested that Smith “ask of God”.^[55] William also suggested that much of the “religious excitement” in the area was caused by the Rev. George Lane, a “great revival preacher”.^[56] Lane is never recorded as having visited Palmyra until 1824, although he visited nearby Vienna in 1819 for a large Methodist conference.^[57] Joseph and his family could have traveled to sell cake and beer at this event, as they did other events in the Palmyra vicinity, but this is pure speculation.^[58]

Stained glass depiction of Smith’s First Vision, completed in 1913 by an unknown artist (Museum of Church History and Art)

The exact details of the First Vision vary somewhat depending upon who is recounting the story and when. Smith’s first account in 1832 dated the vision to 1821 and stated that he saw “a piller [sic] of fire light above the brightness of the sun at noon day”, and that “the Lord opened the heavens upon me and I saw the Lord and he spake unto me saying Joseph my son thy sins are forgiven thee”.^[52] Whether Smith regarded this event as a vision or as an actual visitation by a physical being has been debated, because a missionary tract published for Smith’s church in 1840 stated that after Smith saw the light, “his mind was caught away, from the natural objects with which he was surrounded; and he was enwrapped in a heavenly vision”.^[59]

In an account Smith dictated in 1838 for inclusion in the official church history, he described the First Vision as an appearance of two divine personages sometime during the spring of 1820:

“I saw a pillar of light exactly over my head, above the brightness of the sun, which descended gradually until it fell upon me…When the light rested upon me I saw two Personages, whose brightness and glory defy all description, standing above me in the air. One of them spake unto me, calling me by name, and said, pointing to the other, ‘This is my Beloved Son. Hear Him!'”.^[60]

It is unclear who, if anyone, Smith told about his vision prior to his reported discovery of the golden plates in 1823.^[61] According to Smith, he told his mother at the time that he had “learned for [him]self that Presbyterianism is not true”;^[62] however, mention of this conversation is omitted from Lucy’s own history,^[63] and Joseph never stated that he described the details of the vision to his family in 1820 or soon thereafter. He did say that he spoke about the vision with “one of the Methodist preachers,^[64] who was very active in the before-mentioned religious excitement”.^[65] Many have presumed this to be the Rev. Lane, but there is no record of Lane visiting the Palmyra vicinity in 1820.^[66] Joseph’s brother William was apparently unaware of any visions until 1823,^[67] although he would have only been nine years old in 1820.

Smith stated that the retelling of his vision story “excited a great deal of prejudice against me among professors of religion, and was the cause of great persecution, which continued to increase”.^[65] Tales of visions and theophanies, however, were not unusual at the time, though the clergy of many organized religions often resisted the stories.^[68][69] Early prejudice against Smith may have taken place by clergy, but there is no contemporary record of this.^{[original research?]} The bulk of Smith’s persecution seems to have arisen among laity, and not because of his First Vision, but because of his later assertion to have discovered the golden plates in a hill near his home;^{[citation needed]} the statement was widely publicized and ridiculed in local newspapers beginning around 1827.^{[citation needed]}

Years later, one non-Mormon neighbor summed up views of Smith and his family by their Palmyra neighbors by saying, “To tell the truth, there was something about him they could not understand; some way he knew more than they did, and it made them mad.”^[70]

More at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_of_Joseph_Smith