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The dancing plague of 1518, or dance epidemic of 1518 (French: Épidémie dansante de 1518), was a case of dancing mania that occurred in Strasbourg, Alsace (modern-day France), in the Holy Roman Empire from July 1518 to September 1518. Somewhere between 50 and 400 people took to dancing for weeks. There are many theories behind the phenomenon, the most popular being stress-induced mass hysteria, suggested by John Waller.[1][2] Other theories include ergot and religious explanations. There is controversy concerning the number of deaths.[3]
History
Events
The outbreak began in July 1518 when a woman called Frau Troffea began to dance fervently in a street in Strasbourg.[1] Troffea kept up the constant dancing for a week. Soon, three dozen others joined in.[4] By August, the “dancing plague” had claimed 400 victims.[4] Dancers were beginning to collapse. It is said some even died from a stroke or heart attack.[4] No one knew what caused this reaction, which meant no one understood how to remedy it. By early September, the outbreak began to subside,[5] when the dancers were sent to a mountain shrine to pray for absolution.[4]
Historical documents, including “physician notes, cathedral sermons, local and regional chronicles, and even notes issued by the Strasbourg city council” are clear that the victims danced;[1] it is not known why. Historical sources agree that there was an outbreak of dancing after a single woman started dancing,[6] and the dancing did not seem to die down. It lasted for such a long time that it even attracted the attention of the authorities; until the council gave up authority to the physicians, who prescribed the afflicted to “dance themselves free of it.”[3] There are claims that guild halls were refurbished to accommodate the dancing, as well as musicians and strong people to help keep those dealing with the dancing mania to stay upright.[3] This backfired, and the council was forced to ban public dancing as people danced in fear it was a punishment from Saint Vitus; and to be “free of sin” many joined in on the dancing epidemic.[3] The council went as far as to ban music, as well.[3] Those who danced were then ordered to go to the shrine of Saint Vitus, wore red shoes that were sprinkled with holy water and had painted crosses on the tops and soles.[3] They also had to hold small crosses in their hands; and incense and Latin incantations were part of this “ritual.”[3] Apparently “forgiven by Vitus,” word was spread of a successful ritual and the Dancing Plague had ended.[3]
Events similar to this are said to have occurred throughout the medieval age including 11th century in Kölbigk, Saxony, where it was believed to be the result of demonic possession or divine judgment.[7] In 15th century Apulia, Italy,[8] a woman was bitten by a tarantula, the venom making her dance convulsively. The only way to cure the bite was to “shimmy” and to have the right sort of music available, which was an accepted remedy by scholars like Athanasius Kircher.[9]
Contemporaneous explanations included demonic possession and overheated blood.[5]
Veracity of deaths
Controversy exists over whether people ultimately danced to their deaths. Some sources claim that for a period the plague killed around fifteen people per day,[2] but the sources of the city of Strasbourg at the time of the events did not mention the number of deaths, or even if there were fatalities. There do not appear to be any sources related to the events that make note of any fatalities.[10] Ned Pennant-Rea also claims that the final death toll is not known, but if the claims of fifteen people dying per day were true then the toll could be “into the hundreds.”[3]
The main source for the claim is John Waller, who has written several journal articles on the subject and the book A Time to Dance, a Time to Die: The Extraordinary Story of the Dancing Plague of 1518. The sources cited by Waller that mention deaths were all from later accounts of the events. There is also uncertainty around the identity of the initial dancer (either an unnamed woman or “Frau Troffea”) and the number of dancers involved (somewhere between 50 and 400). Of the six chronicle accounts, four support Lady Troffea as the first dancer.[7]
More at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_plague_of_1518